| Sybil | |
|---|---|
| Author(s) | Flora Rheta Schreiber |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Subject(s) | Henry Regnery Company |
| Genre(s) | Biography |
| Publication date | 1973 |
| Media type | Hardcover |
| Pages | 359 |
| ISBN | 0-8092-0001-5 |
| OCLC Number | 57119767 |
Sybil is a 1973 book by Flora Rheta Schreiber about the treatment of Sybil Dorsett (a pseudonym for Shirley Ardell Mason) for dissociative identity disorder (then referred to as multiple personality disorder) by her psychoanalyst, Cornelia B. Wilbur.
The book was made into two movies of the same name, once in 1976 and again as a television movie in 2007.
Contents |
Mason is given the pseudonym "Sybil" by her therapist to protect her privacy. Originally in treatment for social anxiety and memory loss, after extended therapy involving amobarbital and hypnosis interviews, Sybil manifests sixteen personalities. Wilbur encouraged Sybil's various selves to communicate and reveal information about her life.
The fictional book begins with a list of Sybil's "alters", together with the year in which each appeared to have dissociated from the central personality. The names of these selves were also changed to ensure privacy.
The book's narrative describes Sybil's selves gradually becoming co-conscious, able to communicate and share responsibilities, and having musical compositions and art published under their various names. Wilbur attempts to integrate Sybil's various selves, first convincing them via hypnosis that they are all the same age, then encouraging them to merge. At the book's end, a new, optimistic self called "The Blonde" emerges, preceding Sybil's final integration into a single, whole individual with full knowledge of her past and present life.
The book had an initial print run of 400,000.[1] The book is believed by Mark Pendergrast and Joan Acocella to have established the template for the later upsurge in the diagnoses of dissociative identity disorders.[2][3]
Audiotapes that recorded conversations between Schreiber and Wilbur were examined by Dr. Herbert Spiegel and later by John Jay College of Criminal Justice academic Robert W. Rieber. Both these professionals concluded that Dr. Wilbur suggested multiple personalities to her client, whom they saw as a simple "hysteric". They also claimed that Wilbur and Schreiber fabricated most of the book, which is not a psychiatric case history but a novel with many details of the real case changed or removed.[4] The American Psychological Association recommends that Shirley Mason's case should no longer be cited as a 'classic example' of multiple personality disorder.[5]
A review of Rieber's book Bifurcation of the Self by Mark Lawrence states that Rieber repeatedly distorted the evidence and left out a number of important facts about Mason's case, in order to advance his case against the validity of the diagnosis.[6]
The case remains controversial, as Wilbur's psychiatric files are sealed, and both she and Mason are deceased.
The book Sybil Exposed by Debbie Nathan published in 2011 claims that Wilbur, Mason and Schreiber perpetuated a fraud, documenting a 1958 letter by Mason confessing to making up the multiples for attention and excitement. Nathan claims Schreiber became aware of Mason and her alleged past, writing Sybil based on stories coaxed from her during therapy, and that this case created an "industry" of repressed memory.[7][8]
There have been two film adaptations, both made for television: